Effects of the Crusades
The Crusades stimulated trade by introducing Europeans to many desirable products.
Trade promoted frequent contacts with the Byzantine and Muslim Empires.
New economic institutions developed.
Economic effects of the Crusades
· Increased demand for Middle Eastern products
· Stimulated production of goods to trade in Middle Eastern markets
· Encouraged the use of credit and banking
Important economic concepts
· Church rule against usury and the banks’ practice of charging interest helped to secularize northern Italy.
· Letters of credit served to expand the supply of money and expedite trade.
· New accounting and bookkeeping practices (use of Arabic numerals) were introduced.
Trade promoted frequent contacts with the Byzantine and Muslim Empires.
New economic institutions developed.
Economic effects of the Crusades
· Increased demand for Middle Eastern products
· Stimulated production of goods to trade in Middle Eastern markets
· Encouraged the use of credit and banking
Important economic concepts
· Church rule against usury and the banks’ practice of charging interest helped to secularize northern Italy.
· Letters of credit served to expand the supply of money and expedite trade.
· New accounting and bookkeeping practices (use of Arabic numerals) were introduced.
Italian City-States and The Prince
Wealth accumulated from European trade with the Middle East led to the rise of Italian city-states. Wealthy merchants were active civic leaders.
Machiavelli observed city-state rulers of his day and produced guidelines for the acquisition and maintenance of power by absolute rule.
Florence, Venice, and Genoa
· Had access to trade routes connecting Europe with Middle Eastern markets
· Served as trading centers for the distribution of goods to northern Europe
· Were initially independent city-states governed as republics
Machiavelli’s The Prince
· An early modern treatise on government
· Supports absolute power of the ruler
· Maintains that the end justifies the means
· Advises that one should not only do good if possible, but do evil when necessary
Machiavelli observed city-state rulers of his day and produced guidelines for the acquisition and maintenance of power by absolute rule.
Florence, Venice, and Genoa
· Had access to trade routes connecting Europe with Middle Eastern markets
· Served as trading centers for the distribution of goods to northern Europe
· Were initially independent city-states governed as republics
Machiavelli’s The Prince
· An early modern treatise on government
· Supports absolute power of the ruler
· Maintains that the end justifies the means
· Advises that one should not only do good if possible, but do evil when necessary
The Renaissance
Mona Lisa by da Vinci
The Renaissance produced new ideas that were reflected in the arts, philosophy, and literature. Patrons, wealthy from newly expanded trade, sponsored works that glorified city-states in northern Italy. Education became increasingly secular.
Medieval art and literature focused on the Church and salvation, while Renaissance art and literature focused on individuals and worldly matters, along with Christianity.
Artistic and literary creativity
· Leonardo da Vinci: Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
· Michelangelo: Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel and David
· Petrarch: Sonnets, humanist scholarship
Humanism
· Celebrated the individual
· Stimulated the study of classical Greek and Roman literature and culture
· Supported by wealthy patrons
Medieval art and literature focused on the Church and salvation, while Renaissance art and literature focused on individuals and worldly matters, along with Christianity.
Artistic and literary creativity
· Leonardo da Vinci: Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
· Michelangelo: Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel and David
· Petrarch: Sonnets, humanist scholarship
Humanism
· Celebrated the individual
· Stimulated the study of classical Greek and Roman literature and culture
· Supported by wealthy patrons
Northern Renaissance
Page from a Gutenberg Bible
With the rise of trade, travel, and literacy, the Italian Renaissance spread to northern Europe. The art and literature of the Italian Renaissance changed as people of different cultures adopted Renaissance ideas.
Northern Renaissance
· Growing wealth in Northern Europe supported Renaissance ideas.
· Northern Renaissance thinkers merged humanist ideas with Christianity.
· The movable type printing press and the production and sale of books (e.g., Gutenberg Bible) helped disseminate ideas.
Northern Renaissance writers
· Erasmus: The Praise of Folly (1511)
· Sir Thomas More: Utopia (1516)
Northern Renaissance artists portrayed religious and secular subjects.
Northern Renaissance
· Growing wealth in Northern Europe supported Renaissance ideas.
· Northern Renaissance thinkers merged humanist ideas with Christianity.
· The movable type printing press and the production and sale of books (e.g., Gutenberg Bible) helped disseminate ideas.
Northern Renaissance writers
· Erasmus: The Praise of Folly (1511)
· Sir Thomas More: Utopia (1516)
Northern Renaissance artists portrayed religious and secular subjects.